Governance & Organizations (Paper I — MCQ)¶

Covers: Constitution of Nepal · federal/provincial/local governments · UNO, WTO, ITU, WB, ADB, AIIB, SAARC, BIMSTEC · public service charter.

1. The Constitution of Nepal (2072)¶

Basic Facts (MCQ core)¶

Item	Fact
Promulgated	Ashoj 3, 2072 BS (20 Sep 2015) — by the Constituent Assembly
Constitution number	7th constitution of Nepal
Structure	35 Parts, 308 Articles, 9 Schedules
Sovereignty	Vested in the Nepali people
State structure	Federal Democratic Republic; secular; inclusive
Federal units	1 Federation, 7 Provinces, 753 Local Levels (6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities)
Fundamental rights	Part 3, Articles 16–46 (31 rights) + Art. 47 (implementation)
Citizenship	Part 2
Amendment	Art. 274 — two-thirds of both houses (some matters need provincial consent)
Emergency	Art. 273

Separation of Powers¶

Organ	Head	Key Articles/Facts
Executive	Council of Ministers led by PM	President = Head of State (ceremonial), elected by electoral college of federal parliament + provincial assemblies; PM = Head of Government
Legislature	Federal Parliament = House of Representatives (275: 165 FPTP + 110 PR, 5-yr term) + National Assembly (59: 56 elected by provinces + 3 nominated, 6-yr term, 1/3 retire every 2 years)	Bills, budget, treaty ratification
Judiciary	Supreme Court (CJ + up to 20 justices) → 7 High Courts → 77 District Courts	Judicial review; Constitutional Bench in SC; judges recommended by Judicial Council, CJ by Constitutional Council

Constitutional Bodies (Part 21 + others)¶

CIAA (abuse of authority) · Auditor General · Public Service Commission (Lok Sewa Aayog) · Election Commission · National Human Rights Commission · National Natural Resources & Fiscal Commission + inclusion commissions (Women, Dalit, Inclusion, Indigenous Nationalities, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslim).

Heads appointed by President on Constitutional Council recommendation; term 6 years.

Federal, Provincial and Local Governments¶

Level	Executive	Legislature	Powers
Federal	PM + Council of Ministers	Bicameral (HoR + NA)	Schedule 5 (defence, currency, foreign affairs, telecommunications...)
Province (7)	Chief Minister + provincial ministers; Province Chief = federal appointee	Unicameral Provincial Assembly	Schedule 6 (province police, FM operation...)
Local (753)	Mayor/Chairperson + executive	Municipal/Village Assembly	Schedule 8 (local tax, basic education, local roads, FM, health...)

Concurrent powers: Schedules 7 (federal+province) and 9 (all three)
Residual power: federation
Local level also exercises limited judicial power (Judicial Committee headed by Deputy Mayor/Vice-Chair)
Elections every 5 years; provinces: Koshi, Madhesh, Bagmati, Gandaki, Lumbini, Karnali, Sudurpashchim

2. International Organizations¶

UNO (United Nations Organization)¶

Item	Fact
Established	24 October 1945 (UN Day); HQ New York
Members	193 (+2 observers: Holy See, Palestine)
Nepal joined	14 December 1955
Principal organs	6 — General Assembly, Security Council (15: 5 permanent veto powers + 10 elected), ECOSOC, Secretariat (Secretary-General), International Court of Justice (The Hague), Trusteeship Council (suspended)
Nepal & UN	Major troop contributor to UN peacekeeping (consistently top-5)
Specialized agencies	ITU, WHO (Geneva), UNESCO (Paris), ILO (Geneva), ICAO (Montreal), UPU (Bern)

WTO (World Trade Organization)¶

Est. 1 January 1995 (successor of GATT 1947); HQ Geneva; ~164 members
Nepal joined 23 April 2004 — first LDC to join through full accession process
Functions: trade liberalization, dispute settlement, MFN & national-treatment principles, TRIPS/GATS agreements

ITU (International Telecommunication Union) — expect telecom-flavored MCQs¶

Item	Fact
Established	1865 (International Telegraph Union) — oldest UN specialized agency (became UN agency 1947)
HQ	Geneva; ~193 member states
Nepal joined	1957 (5 Dec)
Sectors	ITU-R (radiocommunication — spectrum & satellite orbits), ITU-T (standardization — e.g. G.711, H.323), ITU-D (development)
Functions	Global spectrum/orbit allocation, telecom standards ("Recommendations"), World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), World Telecommunication Day 17 May
Nepal link	National frequency allocation follows ITU Radio Regulations (asked in Eng. Sewa 2082: "importance of ITU + national frequency allocation plan")

WB (World Bank Group)¶

Est. 1944 Bretton Woods (with IMF); HQ Washington DC
Arms: IBRD (middle-income lending), IDA (concessional/LDC — Nepal's main window), IFC (private sector), MIGA (guarantees), ICSID
Nepal joined 1961; funds infrastructure, education, energy projects

ADB (Asian Development Bank)¶

Est. 1966; HQ Manila, Philippines; 68+ members
Nepal = founding member (1966); major financier of roads, energy, urban, education (e.g., SASEC projects)

AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)¶

Est. 2016 (operational); HQ Beijing; 100+ members; China-led multilateral bank
Nepal = founding member; finances sustainable infrastructure

SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)¶

Item	Fact
Established	8 December 1985, Dhaka (first summit)
Secretariat	Kathmandu (est. 1987) — flagship Nepal MCQ
Members	8: Afghanistan (2007, newest), Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Observers	9 incl. China, USA, EU, Japan
Mechanisms	SAFTA (2006), SAARC Development Fund (Thimphu), South Asian University (Delhi)
Summits	18th = Kathmandu 2014 ("Deeper Integration for Peace and Prosperity"); 19th postponed indefinitely

BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation)¶

Est. 6 June 1997 (Bangkok Declaration); Secretariat Dhaka (2014)
Members 7: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand (5 South Asian + 2 Southeast Asian)
Nepal joined 2004; 4th Summit = Kathmandu 2018; BIMSTEC Charter adopted at 5th Summit (Colombo 2022)
Focus: connectivity, trade, energy, security across Bay of Bengal region — bridge between SAARC and ASEAN

One-Line Recall Table¶

Org	Est.	HQ	Nepal Joined
UNO	1945	New York	1955
WTO	1995	Geneva	2004
ITU	1865	Geneva	1957
WB	1944	Washington DC	1961
ADB	1966	Manila	1966 (founder)
AIIB	2016	Beijing	founder
SAARC	1985	Kathmandu	founder
BIMSTEC	1997	Dhaka	2004

3. Public Service Charter and Scope of Public Services¶

Public Service Charter (नागरिक बडापत्र)¶

A citizen's charter is a public document displayed at every government/service office declaring the services provided, required documents, fees, time limits, responsible officer, and grievance/compensation mechanism.

Contents: service list · procedure & documents · time · fee · responsible official/desk · complaint mechanism · compensation provision (charter-with-compensation variants).

Objectives / importance:

Transparency and citizens' right to information
Accountability of service providers
Reduces delay, discretion and corruption
Foundation of good governance (guaranteed by Good Governance (Management & Operation) Act, 2064)
Service standard benchmarking and grievance handling

Scope of Public Services¶

Registration & documentation (citizenship, passports, land, vital registration)
Security, justice, revenue collection
Social services: education, health, drinking water, social security allowances
Utilities & infrastructure: electricity, telecom (NT as public-enterprise service), roads, transport
Delivery mechanisms: government offices, public enterprises, local levels, e-governance portals (Nagarik App), one-door/single-window systems
Regulators of service quality: ministries, CIAA (abuse), NHRC (rights), National Vigilance Centre, Lok Sewa for merit recruitment

Key Exam Points — Governance & Organizations

Constitution 2072: 35-308-9, 7th constitution, promulgated Ashoj 3, 2072; HoR 275 (165+110), NA 59.
7 provinces + 753 local levels; telecommunications = federal (Schedule 5) power.
SAARC Secretariat Kathmandu 1987; BIMSTEC Secretariat Dhaka; ITU = oldest UN agency (1865), Geneva, three sectors R/T/D.
WTO: Nepal first LDC via full accession (2004); ADB founding member; AIIB Beijing 2016.
Citizen's charter = transparency + accountability tool under Good Governance Act 2064.